Sir James Clerk Ross
After surveying with his uncle in 1819, James Clark Ross
took three further Arctic voyages between 1820-25. He carried out
surveys, took meteorological and other observations and collected
and recorded the animal, bird, marine and plant life. He discovered
a new species of gull which now bears his name.
In 1827 he and William Parry, John Ross's second in command,
reached further north than any previous expedition in an attempt to
reach the North Pole by sledge. The record stood for over 50 years.
He rejoined his uncle for a privately funded 1829-34 expedition and
during this voyage he led the first team to reach the magnetic
North Pole. After this he was appointed to conduct the first
systematic magnetic survey of the British Isles.
During John Ross's 1829-1834 voyage, James Clark covered
some 500 miles in sledge journeys, successfully reaching the
magnetic North Pole on 1st June 1831. He also developed a better
diet based on that of the natives. This undoubtedly contributed to
their remarkable record of survival for over four
years.
When the Admiralty decided on an Antarctic expedition, he
was chosen to command it. He set out in 1839 in Erebus and Terror,
two bomb ketches. Unlike the earlier whalers, these ships were
small, heavy and shallow draughted. Ross sailed further south than
any previous voyage, and came within 160 miles of the magnetic
South Pole. He charted large areas of coast and brought back masses
of scientific data and specimens. As a minor activity he undertook
a survey of part of the Falkland Islands and laid out Port
Stanley.
He settled down to shore life on his return in 1843, but
made one further voyage to the Arctic in 1848, a fruitless search
for Sir John Franklin. He was made a Rear-Admiral in 1856 and died
in 1862.
